I've used water-based kitchen and bath paint in cages. Semi-gloss or gloss is best. Although this holds up quite well and can be scrubbed clean, I think there are other things you can do to make the cage more durable.
1. Like Chris said, covering the floor with either vinyl tile or a piece of expanded PVC will make you very happy when cleaning the cage. I wouldn't just rely on paint alone. A thick layer of substrate will help as well.
2. Marine supply stores sell epoxy paint. I have yet to try it. Just make sure it is safe when dry for animals, as I have not found that out yet for absolute certainty, but I did hear it was from another hobbiest. I have seen the finished product on a boat, and it is just awesome. Totally waterproof, and you can scrub it until you're tired and the paint still looks great.
Keep in mind that it isn't the wall surfaces that usually get the most moisture damage in a cage; it is the seams/crevices and floor. That is why a tile floor with caulk all around it is a great idea. Depending on the species, you may want to tile up the cage walls for 4 inches or so, but I think you can do without. I don't bother with it, and it has worked out well for me. Just make sure you caulk/fill all gaps and seams.
Also, my opinion, use paintable, latex caulk (may contain some silicon, that is fine) instead of 100% silicon. I have had great results with plain old paintable caulk. Plus it is easy to remove and touch up if needed.
For the walls and ceiling, do whatever you feel you want to. Honestly, as long as the floor is done right, it may not matter too much about the walls and ceiling, depending on the species of course. Black paint will likely be fine. Allow at least 4 weeks or more for the smell to leave or use your nose to tell. Good luck.