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A post for BChambers about sexing repti

FR Sep 26, 2006 04:45 PM

Hi Brad, heres a post about sexing reptiles from the KS monitor forum. I thought you might be interested in reading it. Tell me what you think.

Ryan, Please stop the madness. Its the old, make a simple statement to one person and tell them to tell one other person. After ten or maybe even one person, the statement does not resemble the original statement.

Which is OH SO COMMON HERE, statements are made or read in a book, then translated in the readers mind/s to fit what they want it to fit, then it becomes something else. Then they tell the next person, and so on and so forth.

Now in your case, your trying to take a deformed/misinterpided statement thats not proven in one species and fit it to another, not very wise.

Considering Pete K and I were the ones who brought this occurance public. I observed it, and Pete made it public. I have some say on the subject.

In 15 years of raising monitors, whenever I raise two or more, FROM HATCHING, to adults, I have always recieved both sexes. This has been done here(goanna ranch) hundreds of times and is practiced. PERIOD. ALso, over that time and thousands of excessed monitors that were hatched here. I never sold two or more and have the recievers complain of having only one sex. Now compare that to kingsnakes and pythons, which I have also excessed thousands of. They both commonly had one sex come out of groups or clutches, etc. But overall averages about 50/50. Understand there are certain qualifications, Like they must be together for the first few months. As this is where this magic occurs.

THe possibilities are, I am very lucky or there is evidence of something controlling the sexes. No more, no less.

ALso, there is no defined ratio, like 1.2., I commonly recieve, 2.1 and 1.2 in groups of three.

Currently I am raised some groups of odatriad monitors. Several types of ackies, and some crosses(caudolenis). They came out, one type of ackies, 6 total, 2.4., another type of ackie, out of 6, 3.3., one group of crosses, out of 5, 1.4., another group of 5, 2.3..

The above is common, but I have had such things as, out of 6, 5.1 and the exact opposite. But without question, the middle is most common.

Again comparing that too the above mentioned snakes, whole clutches were commonly, one sex or the other. I also raised clutches up together with them. It made no difference.

Also consider, the above snakes are clearly sexable at hatching. And monitors are not.

Recently we have hatched some turtles, and what we see with turtles is very very similar to what we see with monitors. I do not have enough experience with raising groups together yet, but how they grow up can be very very similar to what I see with monitors. For instance, with western ponds and spotted turtles, they seem to grow up appearing female, until a fairly large size, then ones that appeared female quickly express definate male characteristics. That is, one day, they are neutral or female appearing, then within a very few days, there is no doubt as to what sex they are. The newly formed males quickly change shell shape and eye color and hemipenes are seen poking out all over the place. Do turtles have two like snakes?, because all I see is one sticking strait down. This is very similar to raising up monitors.

Again, compared to the mentioned snakes, which are sexable at hatching and never change or show any flucuation over their growth into adulthood.

Now consider this. The above happens without question and has over huge numbers. But also without question, its not been explained by science. Of course they rarely explain anything of interest that actually occurs.

Turtles are known to be Temp sexable during incubation. This has not been seen with varanids. Yet, both develop into adulthood very much the same. But Uros, thats for you to find out. Cheers

My post was in responce to Ryan. Cheers

Replies (19)

BChambers Sep 26, 2006 08:05 PM

Lots of food for thought in that post. I actually had read a similar post from you quite a while ago (a couple of years?), and was and am fascinated by the possibility that these monitors are changing sex due to social and/or density factors. This actually doesn't surprise me in the least. Such changes are very well documented in another major vertebrate group-the fishes. The sex of many fish species depends totally on their social situation. If I place two clownfish in an aquarium, the larger individual will invariably become female, while the smaller switches to male. Remove the female and substitute an individual smaller than the male, and the male will switch again, this time to female! Other species may switch sex due to such factors as size (goliath groupers) population density (certain wrasse)or mere convenience (perceived lack of nearby sexual partners of the proper sex). This is what could be happening with your monitor pairs raised together.

Very convenient for those (like me) who dream of owning a nice pair of pilbarensis! But clearly, a lot more going on here than we as yet even begin to understand.

And as for the observation re: spotted turtles-a group of 5 three-year-olds I'm now raising look to be all female so far-save one which has recently started to develop definite male characters.

Brad Chambers

Aaron Sep 26, 2006 10:56 PM

I recall reading an article in a volume of IHS proceedings. I believe if was by Huff (Tom Huff) where he described getting a lizard of some sort that was sexed by X-Ray I believe. The first time it was one sex then the second time a few months later it was the other.

vjl4 Sep 27, 2006 02:30 PM

Alhtough I was on the side of no TSD in snakes, all these posts have peaked my curiosity.

Do you (or anyone) have long term sex ratio data from thier breedings with the temps they were incubated at? If so post them and I will do some statistics to figure out if there are significant differences than expected under the 50/50 expectation (this is the expectation from non temp. sex determination).

If any one wants to play post something like this

Incubation temp ranges number of males number of females
a-b degrees (C or F) X Y

If there are enough replies then the results should be meaningful.

Best,
Vinny
-----
“There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that whilst this planet has gone on cycling according to the fixed laws of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.” -C. Darwin, 1859

Natural Selection Reptiles

Patton Sep 27, 2006 04:25 PM

Sorry Vinny, I know this isn't very concrete info, but some of us might find it interesting either way. This June '06 I found a gravid`Eastern Kingsnake, Lampropeltis getula getula. She laid 14 healthy looking eggs. On Aug 22, 11 hatched, of the other 3, two were dead in the egg and one was deformed and euthanized. The eggs were kept at room temp. which varied between 75-84. The final sex ratio of the 11 came out to 8.3, definitely unusual in my experience.
-Phil

Kerby... Sep 27, 2006 08:24 PM

**Do you (or anyone) have long term sex ratio data from thier breedings with the temps they were incubated at? If so post them and I will do some statistics to figure out if there are significant differences than expected under the 50/50 expectation (this is the expectation from non temp. sex determination...**

Your results of your study would be insignificant as your data base (10 clutches or 500 clutches) is way too small. In the long run it will be close to 50-50. It has already been proven that incubation temps in snakes HAS NO DETERMINATION of the sex.

Now I wonder if there is a direct correlation (positive or negative) of the outcome of the sex of my snakes if I wear blue underwear?

Kerby...
-----
Lonesome Valley Reptiles
www.lonesomevalleyreptiles.com
Specializing In California Kingsnakes

crimsonking Sep 27, 2006 09:18 PM

...n/m
-----
Surrender Dorothy!

www.crimsonking.funtigo.com

FunkyRes Sep 27, 2006 10:09 PM

> Your results of your study would be insignificant as your data
> base (10 clutches or 500 clutches) is way too small. In the long
> run it will be close to 50-50. It has already been proven that
> incubation temps in snakes HAS NO DETERMINATION of the sex.

As a math guy, it also should be pointed out that in a large collection of data, there will always be subsets that do not fit the norm. Can't predict when they will happen, only that they will.

-=-

This does interest me though about the lizard sex thing.
If raising them in groups always or with high frequency results in mixed sex groups, then it can be shown from records that what is going on is statistically improbable if sex is set in stone at hatching because there AREN'T subsets that do not fit the norm.

I'm aquiring some Texas Alligator lizards, as I can breed and keep them w/o calif. fish and game number limits. I'm going to try to keep the young I aquire and the hatchlings I produce in groups no bigger than four and no smaller than three, and see what happens.

Unfortunately, I lack the space and know how to deal with the lizards FR does.

AFAIK alligator lizards are not affected by incubation temp, but I don't know of any way to determine sex until they reach sexual maturity at about two years (when the males grow wider heads and sometimes display their organs when molested).
-----
3.0 WC; 0.3 CB L. getula californiae
0.1.1 WC; 0.0.3 CH Elgaria multicarinata multicarinata

BChambers Sep 27, 2006 10:57 PM

Just a short note of encouragement-regardless of anybody's fish and game regs or lack thereof-Texas Alligator Lizards ROCK! I've had both the california gators and the texans, and IMO the Texans far outshine their western cousins in size, color, pattern, and "personality". You'll love em!

Brad Chambers

FR Oct 03, 2006 09:35 AM

I have kept many forms of these lizards from the U.S. types to many mexican forms, and some are still unknown to science.

I first bred Cali's in 1962. In my opinion, THEY ALL ROCK. hahahahahahahahaha Brad, I am not sure if you know what a super male is, But with the cali forms, there are males that attain GIANT heads(AKA redheaded skink males) and get very very large, as large as any texas type. I had only seen a handful of these and they were not from one local. In my experience from the Kern river area south to San Diego. They most likely occur over a larger area, I just did not see it. Cheers

FR Oct 03, 2006 09:55 AM

Please understand, the alligator lizards are not even closely related to varanids. But, there are some common events that could indicate, this type of sexual development may be much more widespread that we know.

So please, keep us informed and be careful. When raising them in groups, you must keep careful tract and not mix individuals.

Of interest is, We have tested a model that indicates the function of this. That is, we raised a large group of monitors 36, to be exact, together. I then removed a pair at a time. That is, as soon as a male was sexable, I removed a male and a female. Out of 36, it resulted in 18.18.

Of course, that is interesting, but I only did it once, but with a fair amount of individuals. The problem is, having numbers all hatch the same day or within the same couple of days.

So in reality, this is not a simple thing, and simple tests are not all that telling. In other words, lots of work needs to be done.

Unfortunately, the school(universities) do not like to actually do something that takes work. I have had many inquiries from universities to test this. Unfortunately they do not want to do the work. They want to have the test individuals donated to them. Which is fine, but it negates the test.

If they want to test this, they need to keep functioning breeders, and breed them, then test the hatchlings, Not recieve hatchlings from whomever will donate them from here and there(unknown conditions).

The problem with universities is, they are off part of the year, and the animals are not. They graduate students, every year the students get new classes, and reptile timelines do not fit into this schedule. Fruit flys do. Man do they know alot about fruit flys. Actually the smaller monitors can achieve two generations a year, but I guess the Unis students have other classes to think about and spend time with.

Anyway good luck with your lizards, pay attention to male combat dancing with alli lizards, its very intertaining. Also not not stop the males from dragging around the female by the head, My bet is, there is something very scientific and biological about this behavior. Cheers

FunkyRes Oct 03, 2006 08:23 PM

Thanks.
-----
3.0 WC; 0.3 CB L. getula californiae
1.0 CB L. getula nigrita
0.1.1 WC; 0.0.3 CH Elgaria multicarinata multicarinata

vjl4 Sep 28, 2006 10:39 AM

>>Your results of your study would be insignificant as your data base (10 clutches or 500 clutches) is way too small. In the long run it will be close to 50-50. It has already been proven that incubation temps in snakes HAS NO DETERMINATION of the sex.

I did'nt say that incubation temps determined the sex, only that I would like to put some p values to the numbers to see if they were significantly different than 50/50. It seems to be a deeply ingrained assumption that sex rations are exactly 50/50, while they are close for some species it is known that in mammals there are slightly more males born than females. So the sex ratio is scewed toword males. That means the expectation is not 50/50, more like 55/45. If there is a similar scew in reptiles there would be no reason to assume you should expect 50/50.

It was also expectation (and my point) that if long term clutches were combined that the results would not be sig. different than neutral expectation (50/50 or 55/45 or whatever). Which is what you would expect given than short term trends often deviate significantly from the expectation of long term trends. With the temp. data you could show that it was not just an artifact of high temps favoring one sex canceling out the low temps favoring the other sex thus causing the average to be 50/50. You can bin the temps and only compare temps within similar ranges to show that even at the extreme of temps the long term trends would still be 50/50.

Also, just because genetic sex is determined with out the influence of temp. does not mean the phenotypic sex is not influenced by temp. The incidence of intersex in humans is 1/1500 to 1/2000. Which is pretty high, just because some of these males look like females does not mean that they dont have a Y chromosome, just that something interferred in the sex determiniation pathway. I see no reason why the same could not be true with respect to temps and reptiles. Since so much of reptile development is temp. dependent captive incubations at extreme temps could cause differences in sex ratio because of pathology.

Oh yeah, although an 8.3 sex ratio is clearly not 50/50, it is not significantly different than 50/50. The p value for this is 0.08, which means that you would expect this result 1 out of 12 times. (usually things are statistically significant when they only occur less than 1 out of 33 times).

Best,
Vinny
-----
“There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that whilst this planet has gone on cycling according to the fixed laws of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.” -C. Darwin, 1859

Natural Selection Reptiles

Kerby... Sep 28, 2006 11:34 AM

Then you need to pick one species of snake and take data from that. Species have adapted to their environment over time and with "reptiles-very broad category" some have adapted to be temp determined sex, others are parthenogenesis, etc... in order to survive. But snakes are not - it is that simple. In the long run, the clutches will tend to be closer to 50-50, that is obviously not exact. The more data you collect, the closer you will get to 50-50. Will you ever be right on 50-50, I doubt it, but that's not what is at issue. Just like the Punnets Square is not "exact", but does work out in the long run. Incubation temps for snakes are not valid in determining sex. That has been proven. Now there are more broader arguments where someone can go outside the specie of snakes and give examples, but that is apples and oranges.

If incubation temps have an "influenece" on determining sex, then the comments on this forum alone would prove that theory wrong. Some say they are male heavy, some say they aren't - THAT proves it wrong.

You can't compare other species of life and say because it happens with them, then it is possible with snakes.

Kerby...
-----
Lonesome Valley Reptiles
www.lonesomevalleyreptiles.com
Specializing In California Kingsnakes

vjl4 Sep 28, 2006 11:52 AM

Indeed, reptiles is a broad category. Ofcourse, by posting in a kingsnake forum I would expect to get data from kingsnakes I am fine with pooling data from a genus.

To clear things up, I dont think that sex in snakes is determine by temp., but from the posts below others disagree. One easy way to prove the point is to show data, calulate what to expect under some model (say 50/50) and then show that the data do not deviate sig. from the model.

>>In the long run, the clutches will tend to be closer to 50-50, that is obviously not exact. The more data you collect, the closer you will get to 50-50.

This will only be true if the sex ratio really is expected to be 50/50, in many species it deviates tilting toword slightly male bias or female bias. My point was that if your prior belief in 50/50 is wrong becasuse 50/50 is not really happening than the more data you collect the closer you will get to the true sex ratio. Which might be 50/50 or baised in one direction or the other.

>>You can't compare other species of life and say because it happens with them, then it is possible with snakes.

Actually you can. I did not say its happing, only possbile. Mammals and reptiles shared a common ancestor, they inherited lots of things from the common ancestor. Its the basis of homology. Sex ratio skew can be one of them.

Again though, I dont beleive that temp is determining sex. I only was trying to prove that it was not by showing the numbers.

Vinny
-----
“There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that whilst this planet has gone on cycling according to the fixed laws of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.” -C. Darwin, 1859

Natural Selection Reptiles

zach_whitman Sep 28, 2006 11:59 AM

What would be interesting is a study on the effect of female pre breeding temps on sex ratios. Since the female chromosomes determine the sex it should be her conditions that cause this.

I have seen VERY skewed sex ratios WAY too often in my own collection for it to be a coincidence. This year I had one clutch come out 7.1 and another come out 1.6. Last year I had a clutch of 8.0. The chance that that would hapen randomly is 1/256 or .3%. All my other clutches come out around 50/50.

There is something going on here, and simply saying that snakes are not temp sex determined is not enough to explain what we see.

antelope Sep 28, 2006 07:39 PM

Next year you could get 0.9 and you are back to punnet square 1! (pun intended)You may have just experienced the high ends of part of the equation and if you breed long enough you will reach the other end. Try varying your inc. temps but not many of us are brave enough to color outside the lines. Set aside 1 clutch (everyone) and try something different and then submit the data for analysis.
Todd Hughes

zach_whitman Sep 28, 2006 07:55 PM

eventually it all works out to 50/50, but the extremes apear too often to be a coincidence.

Consider, I hatch a small number of clutches each year, usually less then 10. Yet every year I get one or two that are nearly all males. Only once have I gotten a clutch of 1.6. Either way, the chance of getting a clutch like that is extremely small. And to have it happen repeatedly in so few clutches is nearly imposible from random chance. Something environmental, or genetic must be occuring.

In terms of submitting my own data...

I give my females a brief cooling to room temp (65 - 70) for only 4 weeks over the winter. In the spring the temps range from 70-75 on the cool side to 90-95 on the warm side. **However** i think i have noticed a correlation with the females being on the top cages being the ones who throw skewed sexed clutches. These cages are harder to keep cool. The temps on the cool side sometimes approach 80 on warm days. I have always kept my males on the bottom because I have heard that cooler temps are needed for proper sperm production, so my females are usually kept higher up.

This is based on a pretty small sample, but I think I am going to invest in a ceiling fan and see if this phenomenon goes away next year.

FunkyRes Sep 29, 2006 10:35 AM

> Consider, I hatch a small number of clutches each year, usually
> less then 10. Yet every year I get one or two that are nearly all
> males. Only once have I gotten a clutch of 1.6. Either way, the
> chance of getting a clutch like that is extremely small. And to
> have it happen repeatedly in so few clutches is nearly imposible
> from random chance. Something environmental, or genetic must be
> occuring.

Yes - it is possible that some males are more prone to little boy sperm than little girl sperm, or other stuff is going on.
-----
3.0 WC; 0.3 CB L. getula californiae
0.1.1 WC; 0.0.3 CH Elgaria multicarinata multicarinata

FunkyRes Sep 29, 2006 08:21 AM

I would be more interested in sex ratios of second clutches vs first.

If there is a statistical difference between ratios in second clutch vs first, that may indicate environmental conditions of the female are responsible.
-----
3.0 WC; 0.3 CB L. getula californiae
0.1.1 WC; 0.0.3 CH Elgaria multicarinata multicarinata

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