Rats may sometimes give birth to very small litters, for no apparent reason. I've seen singleton, twin and triplet births several times in my colony over the past few years. They're not common, but they happen more frequently than most people think they do.
Just because a dozen, or thereabout, pups is the average, doesn't rule out numerous exceptions. We get plenty of posts crowing about the exceptional huge littters -- 20, or thereabout -- but very few whining about the exceptional small litters.
A few months ago, there was a post by someone about how one of his young females was lactating and nursing, even though she'd never been pregnant. Guess what! That rat wasn't lactating without having been pregnant, she was lactating because she'd birthed a litter so small that he'd not noticed the pregnancy. Because she birthed at the same time (within a day or so) as a cagemate that had been hugely pregnant, he truly believed that his "virgin" rat was lactating in response to the prescence of the other rat's babies. That just doesn't happen.
Believe me or not, as you choose, but the fact is, very small litters do sometimes happen. I think that they're many times overlooked because the majority of breeders keep their mommas communally. If each rat was placed in a separate birthing cage (as most of mine are) they'd be noticed far more frequently. Sometimes, a rat may be thought to be infertile, when she's actually birthing very small litters regularly, but the babies are getting lost in the crowd.
-----
tricia