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The Whitewall Fallacy: A Rumor Disproven

dankrull Jul 10, 2015 01:57 PM

In my 18 or so years of keeping reptiles and amphibians I have seen dozens of examples of persistent rumors spread as facts through the community. One that comes to mind is the sinister myth that mealworms are not only not nutritious, but will also "chew their way out of your pet's stomach," both of which are nonsense.

The reason such rumors start and are spread is twofold: One problem is that most people don't approach things using the scientific method, and the other part is the inevitable loud mouths who scream their beliefs loud enough and long enough until everyone is afraid to disagree. The latter being a major issue in the hognose hobby of late.

This post is meant to dispel one of these commonly held rumors, but also to put the idea in your head to be open minded. No one knows everything, and only data, painstakingly collected and interpreted, can answer the more puzzling questions we come across. Be skeptical. Ask questions. Conduct tests. Try to prove yourself wrong, and we will all be better off.

That being said, on to my test cross....

Two years ago I obtained a hatchling which was the result of crossing a conda het toffee to a conda het toffee. Looking at his dorsum, you could clearly see that he was a conda. He had the characteristics of rounded and reduced blotches, and reduced blotch count. I named him Wonderbread because of his bright colors and circular blotches.

Wonderbread as a hatchling:

Normal clutchmate:

The only issue was, he lacked any sign of being a conda on his belly. His belly was not black, and he had no whitewalls. I posted pictures of him on this forum and several others to see what others thought, and the unanimous response was: No white walls, not a conda.

Still, my curiosity persisted, and I decided to keep him and see how he looked as he grew up. His color got lighter as he grew, as condas often do, he had a pinkish white hue to his lower lateral scales, as condas do... Everything about this snake said conda from the top...

Wonderbread as an adult:

Wonderbread's adult belly:

So, I decided to hold him back to do a test cross. My argument, which I foolishly made in the presence of people like Troy Rexroth who attacked and insulted me for even suggesting it, was that the only thing that truly defines a conda is its ability to produce supers.

A conda is simply a het patternless which shows markers, often obvious ones, which indicate it is a het. This is a result of the patternless allele being incompletely dominant in relation to the wild type allele. I hypothesized that it would be possible to produce a nearly normal looking snake that was still het patternless, or "conda" and I proposed to test it by breeding Wonderbread to a normal conda female. If I produced supers, he would be, by definition, a conda or het patternless, despite his lack of white walls.

This spring, I bred Bread to a normal conda. She is a 4 year old breeder female who has never been bred to a conda. The las two seasons she has been bred to an albino male, so there was no chance of sperm retention producing a super.

I paired them three times, and each time got a visually confirmed lock. No other males were introduced to this female.

Female swollen with eggs in her nest box:

She laid 12 good eggs in the first clutch, and 17 in the second.
The first clutch began hatching on July 8th on day 54. Incubated between 78 and 82 degrees F.

The results can be seen in this photo:

So far, there are two confirmed patternless or "supers", but several eggs have not emerged.

Conclusion: Characteristics like black bellies, white walls, reduced blotch count, and reduced pattern are all characteristic of het patternless, or "anaconda" hognose, but none of them are required to be present in order to define the snake as such. The only true way to prove that a snake is het patternless is if it produces patternless animals when bred to another het patternless, or a patternless.

Now, I don't mean to say that the white wall is meaningless. Truly, it is very meaningful. All but one of the condas that I have bred or worked with have had well defined white walls, and their presence is strong evidence (the strongest, even) that a snake is in fact het for patternless. What I'm saying is, if the snake lacks white walls, and is showing other markers, such as reduced blotch count, reduced pattern, etc., it may still be a conda. Wonderbread is living proof.

I hope you found this little write up interesting and educational.

Dan

Replies (15)

Rextiles Jul 10, 2015 06:29 PM

Wow! I haven't posted here since last October because of all of the negativity, posturing and lying as well as having pretty much removed myself from all reptile related forums and Facebook groups because of such atrocious behavior from the likes of people such as Dan Krull. I've chosen to just keep my mouth shut and try to isolate myself in my own positive little world. But then I was informed about these slanderous allegations with only my name being brought up amidst deceitful implications which I am forced to come out of hiding and defend myself against. Interesting!

I could go on about how Dan hates me for being forced to expose him on the BOI (my evidence is on posts 173, 178, 179 and 189) about lying and stealing from people but I think the facts speak for themselves. That thread alone will show that Dan has an agenda and an axe to grind with me, so it doesn't surprise me that he's willing to commit libel about me here.

So Dan writes "My argument, which I foolishly made in the presence of people like Troy Rexroth who attacked and insulted me for even suggesting it, was that the only thing that truly defines a conda is its ability to produce supers.".

Hm, that's very interesting because I don't recall this conversation at all. If Dan actually has proof, I would love to see it, otherwise I'm just going to call it for what I believe it to be, an outright lie.

Of course Dan's whole rant here is to imply (while desperately trying to smear my name) is that I've started this whole "rumor" about "white walls" being the one and only true marker for Anacondas and that I have no scientific mind at all. Well, that's interesting considering I've posted here back in 2013 saying this:

RE: On determining Anacondas from Normals - June 25 2013
"But the markers, well, (the only real known) marker (now), is starting to evolve as time goes on and Anacondas are being outcrossed more and more. Maybe some day the "white wall" will no longer be considered a marker either. It will be interesting."

Hm, based on what I actually wrote, it would seem that I'm not adhering to the "white wall" being a definitive marker now am I? I even wrote that it's within the realm of possibility that what is considered a marker now might not be in the future. This post alone, from 2013, seems to contradict everything Dan has implied about what I've said and been saying for years. Of course Dan isn't interested in facts or truth about anything I've ever said. I mean, why would I write that on a public forum only to contradict myself years later to just Dan? That doesn't make any sense to me! If anything, I've always been consistent with saying that "white walls" are a good indicator of an Anaconda, but even that, like so many other so-called markers can be proven false. He just loves to bury himself deeper in lies and deceipt.

It's also interesting that Dan seems to imply that I pose no thought into what I write, that I just assume too much without any scientific thought involved, but yet I think posts such as this I made back in July 4 2013 On Anaconda probabilities... seem to show otherwise.

"So what if you breed this pair over and over and consistently get all Anacondas. All that might prove is that the genes from the known Anaconda seem to be virile/dominant enough to keep producing all Anacondas, it doesn't validate the female as an Anaconda because of this outcome. You could also breed this pair and ultimately produce all Normals, it doesn't invalidate the fact that the male is an Anaconda either. The producing of all Anaconda clutches, as improbable as it is, especially on a consistent basis, is still acceptable. It is also conceivable, though also improbable, that you can breed 2 Anacondas consistently and never produce a Superconda or actually produce an entire clutch of Supercondas.

Regardless. None of the current or future results will prove anything about the female being anything but Normal unless she actually produces a Superconda from this type of pairing, her to an Anaconda. Only then would we would have to accept that she would be in fact a low expression Anaconda based on the fact that she could produce a Superconda. Everything else produced from this pairing, Anacondas and/or Normals, is inconclusive regardless of how improbable or interesting the outcomes are or what we think they should be.

The only other test, other than her producing a Superconda from an Anaconda pairing, would be to breed her to any known quantity Normal and see if she produces any Anacondas. If she does, then she would have to be considered an Anaconda. If no Anacondas are produced, then the female is obviously just a normal and nothing more.

And for the record. The only time you can expect to produce an entire clutch of Anacondas is from pairing a Superconda to a Normal which is the only time that probabilities won't factor in as it's a pure given outcome based on the fact that Anacondas are the het form of Supercondas, Superconda x Normal (AA x aa = Aa). Anything else, Superconda x Anaconda (AA x Aa = AA and Aa), Anaconda x Anaconda (Aa x Aa = AA, Aa and aa) and Anaconda x Normal (Aa x aa = Aa and aa), can and will yield various results as there are more than one phenotype that can be produced from the parental gene types."

Again, one can ascertain that the only "certainties" I make are based on solid genetic inheritence, nothing more, nothing less. But Dan will have you believe that I think, believe and say otherwise.

Again, Dan is a liar with an axe to grind, so he'll stop at nothing to slander me! It's unreal to me that he would go to such lengths to make this silly stupid post only to have the actual facts of what I have said contradict his lies. Why couldn't he have just written a nice concise post about his experiences instead of this arrogant, self-promoting, hate-filled and slanderous post? It says a lot about who Dan Krull actually is!

And for the record, anybody else who "corroborates" Dan's lies (such as Jonny Black who used to be my friend until we had certain disagreements) about what he claims I've said versus what I've actually said are obviously choosing sides to further my character assassination for their own twisted agendas. But whatever, those who have known me all of these years and adhere to what I've actually said throughout the years know the real truth and those are the only people who matter to me, not these con-men and liars with agendas. I'm not saying I'm perfect nor popular amongst my peers, but I've always been honest and a straight shooter in regards to my own well researched knowledge and opinions. To them however, facts and honesty be damned; it's all about popularity and control in order to further sales and make money off of those who don't know what these con-men are really about.

C'est la vie!
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Troy Rexroth
Rextiles

geckoejon Jul 11, 2015 12:32 PM

first, i will say thanks dan for sharing your experiment. i had always heard that whitewalls were the distinguishing factor for condas. i like to learn, and have the correct facts.

second, i will state that i'm not getting into the drama part of the "he said / she said" stuff. i have been staying away from the forums for the most part because of the drama. it's a shame that it has to keep coming up in different forms...

jonathan

dankrull Jul 11, 2015 02:10 PM

As I recall, Troy took most issue with me calling it incomplete dominant rather than Co dominant in our specific conversation. Anyway, his aggressive, dismissive behaviour is common knowledge in our community. We have all seen it. I don't think I need to spend any time reproducing quotes and links.

He is an intelligent man, and an experienced snake keeper, and the only issue I have with him is that he persists in attacking me and others who disagree with him. I mentioned him here as a specific example of someone who, when they get upset, will attack and cow and humiliate someone who disagrees with them.

However, I looked through some of his clarifying threads, and I must agree, in the selections he has posted here, he did a great job of thinking scientifically, and being open minded about the whitewalls. He sets a great example of how we should all approach questions in our hobby. Are there posts out on the innerwebs that would contradict them? ? maybe, maybe not. Doesn't matter. The post succeeded in it's goals. 1. Raise conciousness about conda markers, and 2. Remind people to think critically.

Dan

DISCERN Jul 11, 2015 04:54 PM

Congrats on your experiment!!!
However, I must say, you are backtracking now, and are going against your main points in your first post, about Troy.
Where did Troy " attack and insult " you, as you claim? Also, why don't you respond to Troy's posts here?
Like you stated, in being scientific, be skeptical and ask questions. I am asking you these questions.
However, Troy just showed you, Dan, in his statement, that your statement about him talking about the white walls being 100% definitive, is not true. Right there for you to read.
You had enough time to start this whole thread, and now you say you don't have any more time to reproduce quotes and links? Why is that?
First you state he attacked you, then, later on, you state that he sets a great example of how we should approach things scientifically?
Dan, which is it? And you know what, when you say it " doesn't matter "..actually it does matter. Especially when you state one thing about someone, then later on, try to backtrack.
I feel that your experiment was awesome, well merited, and conclusive, and I thank you for your time and efforts, but these other comments about Troy are very unprofessional. You say one thing, and then, contradict it later on. Again, why won't you respond to Troy's posts and open up discussion?

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Genesis 1:1

Gregg_M_Madden Jul 12, 2015 11:18 PM

I have to say, it is a bit odd that Troy has gotten dragged into this when he has not been active here in months. Kind of ridiculous actually. I though most of us were over all the BS. I am a little disappointed in the route this has gone.

FR Jul 13, 2015 09:40 AM

You shouldn't be disappointed, There are two parts to this. The animals, and the people. People fight and argue. Its what they do.
As we each have our own thoughts, facts, ideas, etc., that makes discussion valuable. Its not about right or wrong. The problem is, and you did it above.
Its not about people, There is no need to use Dan's name. Or make it about Dan. Talk about the event.
This forum was destroyed long before I came here, in fact, I asked about that when I first entered this site.
The reason is, its about the hognose people, not the hognose. I brought that up over and over. So what happens, I get attacked. Dan gets attacked, etc etc. Then each one complains they are being attacked. How silly.
The problem as I see it is, folks like Troy, cannot live in the present and look to the future. They live in the past. We are taught to keep records, someone forgot to tell the Troys, the records are suppose to be of the animals. Not the keepers. To keep records on what anyone said, years ago, is beyond sick. And indicates a serious lack of interest in the animals.
When I came here, you guys were afraid, FR would change your playground. The fact is, you guys are changing the playground. That's what happens when you work with something, it does not stay the same. That is what science is for. To grow, to learn, to change. not to stay the same. Same for genes by the way. They are not intended to stay the same. So indeed morphs will always MORPH. That makes it fun, you get to make up new names.

DISCERN Jul 13, 2015 11:17 PM

Agreed!
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Genesis 1:1

Rextiles Jul 18, 2015 12:04 AM

Dan, your supposed "scientific" test is rife with so many holes that it's nowhere near being scientific at all despite you being one of those "inevitable loud mouths who scream their beliefs loud enough and long enough until everyone is afraid to disagree".

"The reason such rumors start and are spread is twofold: One problem is that most people don't approach things using the scientific method, and the other part is the inevitable loud mouths who scream their beliefs loud enough and long enough until everyone is afraid to disagree. The latter being a major issue in the hognose hobby of late."

It's so funny and yet weird that you've accused me of being so non-scientific, argumentative and spreading your so-called "rumors". I've already shown in my prior reply to your thread several instances where I have always kept an open mind about the so-called white-wall Anaconda marker, and yet, here's another quote of mine written in 2013 to further validate against the lies you've stated about me:

"This of course is all theoretical based on the studies of Anaconda markers I've made over the years. There is always the possibility that even the "white wall" marker might someday be proven incorrect, so always pay close attention to your offspring's markings."

So yes, let's finally put your "scientific" test to rest...

"Be skeptical. Ask questions. Conduct tests. Try to prove yourself wrong, and we will all be better off."

And what questions did you ask, how many tests did you do, did you try to prove yourself wrong on any level? Let us examine what you wrote...

"Looking at his dorsum, you could clearly see that he was a conda."

Here's your first mistake, you've drawn a conclusion before any tests were ever done, you claim that this was an anaconda just from the dorsal pattern alone. That is clearly what you said, "he was a conda", before any test breeding was ever done. Hardly scientific at all!

"He had the characteristics of rounded and reduced blotches, and reduced blotch count. ...he lacked any sign of being a conda on his belly. His belly was not black, and he had no whitewalls. I posted pictures of him on this forum..."

There is no argument about his dorsal pattern being anaconda-ish. But then again, there is a high variability of pattern differences/anamolies with Normal hognose such as twin-spots, bowties, tiger striping, spinal stripes (most it not all found on anacondas) and completely abberrant patterns such as the spiders (which to date have never been proven out), etc. In the 8-9 years that I've been keeping/breeding hognose, I've seen a multitude of pattern abberancies that were assumed as "morphs" only to never have been proven out or seemed to prove out as polygenic traits if selectively bred to a similiar trait animal.

The one thing that you don't realize, probably because you only recently got into the hognose morph craze only a few years ago, is that when anacondas first came out, and I was one of the first group to have purchased mine back in 2008 was that there were a handful of "markers" that were believed to define an anaconda such as: reduced neck pattern, minimal spot-like dorsal pattern, solid black belly and the white-wall seperation between the dorsal and ventral scale pattern. I wrote an extensive post here back in 2010 about determining anaconda markers but unfortunately everything past 2013 was lost for this forum. However, the only marker that proved to be consistent after many outcrossings to Normals amongst collections , at the time in 2010, was the white-walls and for the most part, the solid black bellies. But after much outcrossing with other morphs such as the Amels, the black belly trait was crossed off the list which I wrote extensively about here. And it's key to note that even back then in 2013 when I wrote that post, I still said one very key thing "With Anacondas, you can look for the "white wall", if not found, then chances are it's probably just a Normal.". The key words being "chances are", there were no definitives being spoken from me, just probabilities based on all of the anacondas all of us had produced from 2008-2013.

"So, I decided to hold him back to do a test cross. My argument, which I foolishly made in the presence of people like Troy Rexroth who attacked and insulted me for even suggesting it, was that the only thing that truly defines a conda is its ability to produce supers."

Once again, to reiterate, and what Dan even admitted in this thread, I never once argued nor insulted him about his argument in regards to his snake being an Anaconda or not. In fact, I don't even recall the conversation he is referring to. But like Dan did finally admit, I did engage him about what I believe to be his misusage of the term incomplete dominant when I supplied him with facts and quotes taken directly from college genetics books of which he complelely ignored and dismissed without supplying any information whatsoever to the contrary.

Interestingly though, Dan said this (in the above quote) "My argument ... was that the only thing that truly defines a conda is its ability to produce supers.". Actually, that's been proven to be highly subjective if not possibly wrong due to the fact that several anacondas were bred to clean gene (never exposed to the Anaconda gene) Normals and produced, what we eventually coined back then, as high expression Anacondas. Again, at the time (2009-2010) before Dan was really into the hognose morph scene and he definitely was not part nor active on any of the forums here at the time, it was believed that Anacondas all had the same basic look based on the simple fact that all of us had purchased ours from Brent Bumgardner; so the gene stock and visual appearance was generally the same for all Anacondas at the time. In other words, the terms "low expression" and "high expression" didn't even exist back then. It wasn't until we all started breeding and outcrossing our Anacondas (2009-2010) that we started to see a high variation in both patterns and "markers". Several people back then even produced what were originally believed to be Supercondas from an Anaconda to Normal pairing which added much confusion and mystery to the Anaconda gene only to later confirm that these supposed "Supers" were then determined to be actual Anacondas and thus dubbed as "high expression" Anacondas and the ones that looked more like Normals as "low expression" Anacondas".

"I hypothesized that it would be possible to produce a nearly normal looking snake that was still het patternless, or "conda" and I proposed to test it by breeding Wonderbread to a normal conda female. If I produced supers, he would be, by definition, a conda or het patternless, despite his lack of white walls. ... This spring, I bred Bread to a normal conda."

So again, Dan's supposed "hypothesis" (whenever he actually claims he made it as if he ever really did) was proven wrong by those breeders many years prior having produced Superconda-is "high expression" Anacondas from known Anaconda genes to known Normal genes. If Dan was a part of the hognose morph scene prior to 2013, he would have known this!

"She laid 12 good eggs in the first clutch, and 17 in the second."

Ok, so how many "Supers", Anacondas and Normals hatched out of the first and 2nd clutches? Out of the "Supers" and definite Anacondas, how many had the characteristic white-wall markers or black bellies for that matter? You offer us no data whatsoever to make any determination about your "hypothesis" actually being true. A real scientist knows the value of data and supplies all of it for peer review, you've offered next to nothing, only scant subjective/selective data to try and support your supposed "hypothesis".

"So far, there are two confirmed patternless or "supers", but several eggs have not emerged."

This is so ridiculous. Seriously, you are making determinations based on a clutch that hasn't even fully hatched out. Were the "Supers" even fully out of the eggs before you determined they were "Supers"?

"Conclusion: Characteristics like black bellies, white walls, reduced blotch count, and reduced pattern are all characteristic of het patternless, or "anaconda" hognose, but none of them are required to be present in order to define the snake as such. The only true way to prove that a snake is het patternless is if it produces patternless animals when bred to another het patternless, or a patternless."

But here's where his scientific method fails and fails miserably... According to everything he wrote, he only did one breeding with "Wonderbread" to a known Anaconda and produced very questionable "Supers" that could ultimately be high expression Anacondas. If Dan was truly being scientific about any of this, he would also have bred "Wonderbread" to a clean gene Normal to see if any Anacondas were produced. If not Anacondas were produced from a "Wonderbread" to Normal pairing (or two), then the conclusion could (maybe should) be made that "Wonderbread" is in fact NOT an Anaconda.

For the 7 years that I've been keeping and breeding Anacondas/Supercondas and for all of the offspring I've seen produced from all of my peers through all of these years, I have never ever seen an Anaconda that had a belly that looked that Normal such as "Wonderbread's", never! Yes, I've seen broken white-walls; yes, I've seen yellow coloration on those "black bellies" but never have I ever seen a more typical Normal belly such as the one seen on "Wonderbread" with the dorsal coloration bleeding over the white-walls and with the atypical yellow and black checkering having been seen on an Anaconda. Is it possible? You bet it's possible, I've always left that door open in my mind and have stated it many times throughout the years. But if you are going to actually prove that case to be true, then you truly need to do all of the work before you draw any conclusions whatsoever. And yet Dan has drawn conclusions, made assumptions and even bad-mouthed people over incomplete and inconclusive testing. Dan could ultimately be correct in the end, but only correct through assumptions. And there's nothing intelligent nor scientific about that!

For a true test, this is what I believe should be done to be completely conclusive in determining whether "Wonderbread" is in fact a true Anaconda and I believe it can be done with a single type of test that will give true results:

#1. Breed "Wonderbread" to 2 unrelated pure Normals at least once.

#2 If no Anacondas are produced, then do another test breeding to the same females or different ones. If, again, no Anacondas are produced, then I would rule out that "Wonderbread" was ever an Anaconda to begin with!

The problem with Dan's test is that the female he bred "Wonderbread" to already has the Anaconda gene, so this taints the test because the Anaconda gene from that female can produce low expression (Normal looking) to high expression (Superconda looking) offspring. If he truly wants to test whether "Wonderbread" is an Anaconda, the only way to do it is to produce Anacondas from pairing him to Normals.

"Now, I don't mean to say that the white wall is meaningless. Truly, it is very meaningful. All but one of the condas that I have bred or worked with have had well defined white walls, and their presence is strong evidence (the strongest, even) that a snake is in fact het for patternless. What I'm saying is, if the snake lacks white walls, and is showing other markers, such as reduced blotch count, reduced pattern, etc., it may still be a conda. Wonderbread is living proof."

This might eventually prove true, it might even be true now. But as it stands, you've tainted your own test and got skewed results that are not determinate nor definitive and nothing that you can ultimately prove at this point. But again, you claim that "Wonderbread is living proof" by drawing an ignorant conclusion based on inconclusive results based on a tainted test. Do the one test that I've outlined, that will be far more determinate than your tainted test. And please, give us all of the data regarding the offspring from your clutches (ratio of Anacondas to Normals and what their bellies look like) because your scant information tells us nothing and can be misleading.

The bottom line is, based on the facts of Dan's actual testimony, one cannot make any real determination as to the actual genetics of "Wonderbread". The wrong test was applied which gave inconclusive results period!
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Troy Rexroth
Rextiles

DISCERN Jul 18, 2015 02:01 AM

What a valuable and insightful post! Thanks Troy for offering your noteworthy experience and much-needed information and input, about this whole subject at large, to this discussion! Very interesting facts about all of this!!
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Genesis 1:1

Gregg_M_Madden Jul 19, 2015 09:43 AM

While I do think this would be pretty interesting if it does prove out, at this point I feel the experiment has been tainted from the start for the simple fact it has been "contaminated" with the conda gene. Meaning that you are trying to prove a conda by using another conda. Especially being that it is common knowledge, at least to those of us who have work with the gene for years that you can produce condas that look like supers from conda to normal pairings. Which was, as Troy pointed out, the rise of the terms low expression condas and high expression condas. Which was actually coined low or high "key" condas when these "anomalies first started poping out of the egg.

In any case, It is way too soon for anyone to say that "Wonderbread" is or is not a conda based on one clutch from one single pairing.

DISCERN Jul 19, 2015 06:41 PM

You and Troy bring forth more great points to consider, that I myself did not, before.

Interesting!
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Genesis 1:1

FR Jul 19, 2015 12:20 PM

Troy, you seem to think in black or white, your a human axanthic.
The problem is, there are no conclusions, that you think in those terms is in error(scientifically speaking) This error causes you to loose track of what is going on.
Every result like Dans or mine, is a block in a large building, and the building is not finished, its an ongoing construction site.
That you think in terms of proving this or that, or conclusions, limits your ability to learn. And ours, by harping on and on about conclusions that do not exist. Or proof that does not exist.
All results, like Dans and all others that post here, are building blocks to a body of knowledge. Its not about conclusions or proof. The science is what is made out of all those results. Not what you or anyone defines as what qualifies to be included.
You have no right to judge or apply your own constrictions on others. I know, I will keep doing what I am doing, and I am pretty sure Dan will as well. And it has nothing to do with you.
Consider, my results, and Dans, or others, is not taking away from, but adding too, this hobby. What you do is taking away from. It would be nice, if you added to. like posting all these successes that formed you conclusions. If you did that, we would all understand you better. If indeed your actually doing these tests, show us, it would be hard to argue with results. But you show nothing, you add nothing. Just your opinion. Great, move on and show something. I think most of us simply like to see nice animals, not so much about the science or stances made on inconclusive evidence(yours). Do you understand what yesterday is? The past, easy enough. How about tomorrow? Conclusions, are past tomorrow. Why do you dwell on them based on yesterdays?

Rextiles Jul 19, 2015 03:00 PM

Frank, this has your name all over it...

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Troy Rexroth
Rextiles

DISCERN Jul 19, 2015 06:44 PM

Agreed!! I could not have said it better myself!
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Genesis 1:1

FR Jul 20, 2015 01:45 PM

Not true, but any rely would be argumentative and worthless when aimed at you.

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